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Building into a Hillside (or Below Ground)

27/2/2021

8 Comments

 
Lots of peeps are asking questions about building into the side of a hill, or semi-underground. I’m in a good position to answer this, because all my stone huts have been built into the rock face. In fact the barn uses the rock of the land as one of the walls. This is quite common in both Spain and Portugal, but brings with it some issues, the main one being damp.
Picture
Semi submerged
Why build into the landscape at all? Despite the drawbacks people have been building underground for eons (there are 10 000 year old underground cities in Turkey). Why? Well there are quite a few perks to being a little lower down.

Advantages
  • Shelter: You are much less prone to wind damage which is important in places with hurricanes and the like.
  • Aesthetic: You blend into the landscape better and your house becomes a part of the land.
  • Invisibility: You are less conspicuous, so for all those on the run it’s an attractive option.
  • On a small plot, it can be a good use of land space too.

Disadvantages

The most obvious drawback is that underground houses are notoriously prone to damp, or worse flooding.

How to build underground
The key to a semi-submerged house is two-fold. You need a vapour barrier and decent drainage. Whether you are considering an earthbag bunker or a stone root cellar, the same applies.

1.Vapour barrier
I’m usually quite ambivalent about vapour barriers in natural homes, but this is the clear exception. You definitely want a vapour barrier (plastic tarp) on the exterior of your outside walls if you are underground. The barrier should separate your structure from the earth/rock outside. Some people even add a double barrier.
Picture
Separate your walls from the ground. The black is the vapour barrier.
2. Drainage
Dig a decent trench all the way around your structure, line it with geotextile membrane and fill it with rubble (rubble trench). You could also add a french drain here, but do it properly (see this article). The main point about drainage that seems to get forgotten is gravity. You need a decent downward slope, and no amount of perforated plastic tube is going to help you if said tube is laid flat, or nearly flat. I often think a decent rubble trench lined with geotextile membrane sloping well downwards, works better anyway.
Picture
The rubble trench. Line it with geotextile membrane to help keep the dirt from seeping in and clogging it up.
3. Guttering
This is super important. Make sure the water running off your roof, isn’t sinking into the ground around your building. Add guttering all the way round your roof eaves and channel that water away from the house and the ground surrounding it.

Extra note: There’s no getting away from it really. Submerged buildings often feel a bit damp. A good solution to damp is a wood burner. It will dry a building out very fast. But of course that’s only a valid option in a cooler climate. If you’re in the warm then think long and hard about ventilation and possibly a dehumidifier.

Which types of sustainable building suit going underground?
Now, there will no doubt be those who disagree, but having seen a couple of examples of strawbale rot in the damp, personally I wouldn’t be itching to stick strawbale underground. Nor would I prefer to use wood. The safest options are stone and earthbag because they can handle the wet. Hempcrete might also be OK but I haven’t seen any examples of that yet.
Picture
Marvao in Portugal built into the landscape.
Related links:
Earthbag root cellar: https://www.wildernesscollege.com/earthbags.html
Underground earthbag room: https://youtu.be/8dM2It_T3nE
Rubble trench: https://cordwoodconstruction.org/rubble-trench-the-basics
Do you want a french drain or not? https://www.estormwater.com/drainage/french-drains-and-their-downfall

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8 Comments
Stephen Ray link
1/6/2021 03:31:26 am

Looking for information on spray rendering machines good bad and ugly

Reply
Silva
31/12/2022 04:30:26 am

Can earthbags stand up to the pressure on an underground wall? I've seen several examples online of earthbag root cellars caving in during heavy rain, & in another post you mentioned earthbag isn't good for retaining walls, but there also seem to be people using them successfully underground. Is it just a matter of better drains? Something else?

Reply
Martin Williams link
4/4/2024 09:02:51 pm

ur mom

Reply
Atulya
31/12/2022 01:26:22 pm

It depends on how they are built. If it's a small earthbag circle then it's pretty hard (almost impossible) for it to cave in as the structure is self buttressing, but it has to be built correctly with two courses of industrial strength barbed wire, and everything properly locked in, with minimal openings. Nobody else seems to highlight this, but I also think it makes a difference if you use sacks or tubes. In my opinion sacks are going to create a stronger structure because you have smaller bricks locked tightly together so there's little room for movement. Yes, I'm not a fan of retaining earthbag walls for the reason you mention. The difference between a retaining wall and a root cellar though is that a retaining wall isn't a closed circle. That's one of the issues. The other issue with retaining walls is drainage (water backs up behind the wall).

Reply
Charles Krim link
16/8/2024 05:49:55 am

This guide breaks down the process. Thank you!

Reply
Atulya
16/8/2024 12:45:53 pm

Glad it was useful.

Reply
aarna link
24/10/2024 01:29:27 pm

The post was very good, I appreciate how you explain it, Keep the posts coming! Very good talent."

Reply
Yassine link
14/2/2025 11:04:10 pm

The article explores the benefits and challenges of building into a hillside or underground. It highlights advantages like natural insulation and protection from wind but also warns about issues like dampness and drainage. Proper techniques, such as vapor barriers and rubble trenches, help mitigate these risks.

What are the most effective materials for underground construction?
How does climate influence the decision to build below ground?

Reply



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  • Home
  • Building
    • Earthbag >
      • Rubble Trench Foundations
      • Earthbag in Extreme Weather
      • Earthquakes and earthbag
    • Earth Plaster
    • Using Lime
    • Cob
    • Straw Bale
    • Wattle and Daub
    • Inspiration
    • Off-Grid Living >
      • Off-Grid Prep Course
    • Mud Building Blog
  • Books
    • Dirt Witch
    • Mud Ball
    • Mud Mountain The Book
    • MUD BUILDING PDF PACKAGE
  • About
    • Contact
    • Mud Home Facebook Group
  • COURSES
    • ATULYA's In Person Workshops 2025
    • Perfect Earth Plaster Online Course
    • Lime for Beginners Online Course
    • MUD BUILDING PDF PACKAGE
    • The Off-Grid Roadmap
    • Consultation
  • Blogs
    • Mud Home Turkey
    • Barn Life in Spain
  • My Projects
    • The Earthbag Home in Turkey
    • The Barn in Spain